What Is Atrial Fibrillation?
AF is the most common heart arrhythmia. Instead of beating in a regular rhythm, the upper chambers (atria) quiver chaotically. This can cause an irregular pulse, breathlessness and — most dangerously — blood clots that form in the heart and travel to the brain, causing stroke.
Symptoms of AF
- Palpitations — awareness of irregular, fast or fluttering heartbeat
- Breathlessness, especially on exertion
- Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance
- Dizziness or light-headedness
- Chest discomfort
- Some people have no symptoms at all — AF is found on a routine ECG
Diagnosing AF
| Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| ECG (electrocardiogram) | Definitive diagnosis — shows irregular rhythm with no P waves |
| 24–48 hour Holter monitor | Captures paroxysmal (intermittent) AF |
| Thyroid function (TSH) | Hyperthyroidism is a treatable cause of AF |
| Full Blood Count | Anaemia can trigger or worsen AF |
| Electrolytes | Low potassium/magnesium can precipitate AF |
| Echocardiogram | Assesses heart structure and function |
| Sleep study | Sleep apnoea is a major risk factor for AF |
CHA₂DS₂-VASc Stroke Risk Score
| Risk Factor | Points |
|---|---|
| Heart failure | 1 |
| Hypertension | 1 |
| Age 75+ | 2 |
| Diabetes | 1 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 2 |
| Vascular disease | 1 |
| Age 65–74 | 1 |
| Female sex | 1 |
Score ≥2 in men (≥3 in women): anticoagulation strongly recommended. Score 1 in men: discuss anticoagulation benefits vs. risks.
FAQs
Is AF curable?
Sometimes — cardioversion (electrical shock) or ablation (destroying the abnormal electrical pathway) can restore normal rhythm in suitable patients.
What blood thinners are used in AF?
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs: apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) are preferred over warfarin for most AF patients.
Can AF go away on its own?
Paroxysmal AF (intermittent) terminates on its own — but treatment is still needed to reduce stroke risk.
Medical Disclaimer: AF requires medical management including stroke prevention. Never stop anticoagulants prescribed for AF without discussing it with your doctor.