What Is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when stomach acid frequently flows back into the oesophagus, irritating its lining. Occasional reflux is normal — GERD is when it happens often enough to cause symptoms or damage.
Common Symptoms
- Heartburn — burning sensation in the chest after eating
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- Difficulty swallowing
- Chronic cough or sore throat
- Sensation of a lump in the throat
- Disrupted sleep from nighttime reflux
See a doctor promptly if: You have difficulty swallowing, unintentional weight loss, vomiting blood, or black/tarry stools.
Common Triggers
- Fatty or fried foods, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol
- Spicy or acidic foods (citrus, tomato)
- Eating large meals or lying down soon after eating
- Smoking
- Obesity and pregnancy
Tests Your Doctor May Order
| Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Upper endoscopy | Examines the oesophagus and stomach lining for damage |
| pH monitoring | Measures acid exposure in the oesophagus over 24 hours |
| Barium swallow X-ray | Shows structural abnormalities or reflux |
| Oesophageal manometry | Checks muscle function of the oesophagus |
Treatment
Lifestyle: weight loss, smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, raising the head of the bed, not lying down within 3 hours of eating.
Medications: antacids, H2 blockers (famotidine), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole) — often used short or long-term depending on severity.
Important: Persistent or severe GERD symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor, as long-term acid exposure can damage the oesophagus.