A
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| Albumin | 3.5–5.0 g/dL | Main blood protein; low in liver disease, malnutrition, kidney disease |
| ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) | 44–147 U/L | Liver/bile duct or bone disease |
| ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) | 7–56 U/L | Liver cell damage — most specific liver enzyme |
| ANA | Negative / <1:40 | Autoimmune screening — lupus, Sjögren's, scleroderma |
| AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) | 10–40 U/L | Liver and muscle damage |
B
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| Bilirubin (total) | 0.1–1.2 mg/dL | Jaundice — liver, bile duct or haemolysis |
| BNP / NT-proBNP | BNP <100 pg/mL | Heart failure — stretching of heart chambers |
| Blood urea / BUN | 7–20 mg/dL | Kidney function and hydration status |
C
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| Calcium | 8.5–10.5 mg/dL | Bone health, parathyroid, kidney, malignancy |
| CBC / FBC | See individual parameters | Red cells, white cells, platelets — full picture |
| Cholesterol (LDL) | <100 mg/dL optimal | Heart disease risk — main statin target |
| CK (Creatine Kinase) | 55–170 U/L | Muscle damage — myopathy, rhabdomyolysis |
| Creatinine | Men: 0.74–1.35 mg/dL; Women: 0.59–1.04 mg/dL | Kidney waste product — rises as kidneys fail |
| CRP | <10 mg/L | Inflammation — rises quickly with infection or flare |
D – G
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| D-Dimer | <0.5 mg/L | Blood clot activity — DVT, PE screening |
| ESR | Men: <15 mm/hr; Women: <20 mm/hr | Chronic inflammation — slower than CRP |
| Ferritin | 20–200 ng/mL | Iron stores — most sensitive iron deficiency marker |
| GGT (Gamma-GT) | Men: <71 U/L; Women: <42 U/L | Liver/bile duct + alcohol marker |
| Glucose (fasting) | 70–100 mg/dL | Diabetes screening and monitoring |
H – M
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| HbA1c | <5.7% normal; 5.7–6.4% pre-diabetes; ≥6.5% diabetes | Average blood sugar over 3 months |
| Haemoglobin | Men: 13.5–17.5; Women: 12.0–15.5 g/dL | Oxygen carrier — low = anaemia |
| HDL Cholesterol | Men: >40 mg/dL; Women: >50 mg/dL | "Good" cholesterol — protective against heart disease |
| INR | 0.8–1.2 (2.0–3.0 on warfarin) | Blood clotting time — liver function and warfarin monitoring |
| LDH | 140–280 U/L | Cell damage — haemolysis, heart attack, cancer |
| LFT panel | See individual tests | Liver health — enzymes + synthetic function |
| Magnesium | 1.7–2.2 mg/dL | Electrolyte — arrhythmia risk when low |
P – Z
| Test | Normal Range | What it measures |
|---|
| Phosphorus | 2.5–4.5 mg/dL | Bone mineral — rises in kidney disease |
| Platelets | 150,000–400,000/µL | Clotting cells — low = bleeding risk; high = clot risk |
| Potassium | 3.5–5.0 mEq/L | Electrolyte — heart rhythm critical; high dangerous |
| PSA | <4.0 ng/mL | Prostate cancer screening in men |
| Sodium | 136–145 mEq/L | Fluid balance — hyponatraemia common in elderly |
| Testosterone (total, men) | 300–1,000 ng/dL | Male hormone — low causes fatigue, reduced libido |
| Troponin | <0.04 ng/mL (varies by lab) | Heart muscle damage — definitive heart attack test |
| TSH | 0.4–4.0 mIU/L | Thyroid function — low in hyperthyroid; high in hypothyroid |
| Uric Acid | Men: 3.5–7.2 mg/dL; Women: 2.6–6.0 mg/dL | Gout — crystals in joints when high |
| Vitamin B12 | 200–900 pg/mL | Nerve and red cell health |
| Vitamin D (25-OH) | 30–100 ng/mL | Bone and immune health |
| WBC (white count) | 4,500–11,000/µL | Immune cells — high = infection; low = marrow/viral |
| Zinc | 70–120 mcg/dL | Immune function, wound healing, taste |
Medical Disclaimer: For educational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.