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Depression: Key Symptoms
- Persistent low mood for most of the day, most days
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities (anhedonia)
- Fatigue and low energy
- Sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia)
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- In severe cases: thoughts of death or suicide
Anxiety: Key Symptoms
- Excessive, uncontrollable worry most days
- Restlessness or feeling on edge
- Difficulty concentrating
- Muscle tension
- Sleep problems
- Physical symptoms: palpitations, sweating, breathlessness, GI upset
- Avoidance of feared situations (reinforces anxiety)
Treatment Options
| Treatment | Best For | Timeframe |
|---|---|---|
| CBT (talking therapy) | Anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD | 8–20 sessions |
| SSRIs (antidepressants) | Moderate-severe depression & anxiety | 4–8 weeks to full effect |
| SNRI (venlafaxine, duloxetine) | Anxiety + depression combined | As above |
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy | Relapse prevention | 8-week course |
| Exercise | Mild-moderate depression | 12+ weeks of regular exercise |
Self-Referral to Talking TherapiesIn the UK, you can self-refer to NHS Talking Therapies (formerly IAPT) online at www.nhs.uk without seeing a GP first. Waiting times are typically 4–12 weeks.
How do I know if I'm depressed or just sad?
Normal sadness is a response to events and lifts with time. Depression is persistent (>2 weeks), pervasive (affects multiple areas of life), and includes physical symptoms like sleep and appetite changes that sadness typically doesn't.
Do antidepressants change your personality?
No. SSRIs treat the chemical imbalance underlying depression — they don't sedate you or change who you are. Some people describe feeling 'more like themselves' when treated.
How long should I take antidepressants?
For a first episode, typically 6–12 months after feeling well, then gradual taper. For recurrent depression, longer-term treatment is often recommended. Never stop abruptly.
What if I don't want to take medication?
CBT is as effective as medication for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety. Exercise has strong evidence. Many people prefer psychological therapies — discuss options with your GP.
Medical Disclaimer: This page is for general education only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.