What Happens During Cervical Screening
- A speculum is inserted into the vagina to see the cervix
- A small soft brush collects cells from the transformation zone
- The sample is tested for HPV (primary test since 2019)
- If HPV positive: cells are examined for abnormalities (cytology)
- Results sent by post within 2–4 weeks
Understanding Your Results
| Result | Meaning | Action |
|---|---|---|
| HPV not detected | Very low cancer risk | Routine recall in 3 or 5 years |
| HPV detected — normal cells | HPV present but no cell changes yet | Repeat screening in 1 year |
| HPV + Borderline or mild changes (CIN1) | Low-grade change — often clears naturally | Repeat in 1 year |
| HPV + Moderate changes (CIN2) | Moderate pre-cancer — treatment usually needed | Colposcopy referral |
| HPV + Severe changes (CIN3) | High-grade pre-cancer | Colposcopy + treatment |
| Possible cancer cells | Urgent referral | Colposcopy within 2 weeks |
Most HPV Clears Naturally80% of people who test HPV positive will clear the virus naturally within 1–2 years without any treatment. Testing HPV positive does NOT mean you have cancer or will get cancer.
Colposcopy — What to Expect
Colposcopy is a closer examination of the cervix using a magnifying instrument. It takes 15–30 minutes. A vinegar-like solution is applied to show abnormal areas. Biopsies may be taken. Results take 4–8 weeks.
| Treatment in Colposcopy | What It Does |
|---|---|
| LLETZ (Large Loop Excision) | Removes the abnormal area under local anaesthetic — most common |
| Cold coagulation | Burns away abnormal cells |
| Laser treatment | Destroys abnormal cells with laser |
| Cone biopsy | Larger removal — used for stage 1A cancer |
Does a smear test check for all gynaecological cancers?
No — cervical screening only checks for cervical cancer. It does not detect ovarian, uterine (womb), or vulval cancer. These require different investigations.
I'm anxious about smear tests — what should I know?
Tell the nurse. You can ask for a smaller speculum, take a trusted person, lie in a different position, or ask for a break. It's brief (1–2 minutes for the sample) and the discomfort, while real, is usually mild.
Can I have a smear test while on my period?
Ideally not — blood can affect the results. Try to book mid-cycle (usually 1–2 weeks after your period ends).
Medical Disclaimer: This page is for general education only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.