Classification by Vessel Size
| Category | Examples | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| Large vessel | Giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis | Headache, jaw claudication, visual loss (GCA) |
| Medium vessel | Polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease | Organ-specific symptoms depending on vessels affected |
| Small vessel (ANCA-associated) | GPA (Wegener's), microscopic polyangiitis | Kidney involvement, lung symptoms, skin rash |
Giant Cell Arteritis — The Most Common Type
GCA typically affects people over 50, causing new headache, scalp tenderness, jaw pain when chewing, and — critically — risk of sudden permanent vision loss if untreated. It's closely associated with polymyalgia rheumatica and requires urgent high-dose steroid treatment when suspected.Key Investigations
| Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| ESR/CRP | Usually significantly elevated |
| ANCA (antibodies) | Positive in small vessel vasculitis (GPA, microscopic polyangiitis) |
| Temporal artery biopsy | Confirms GCA diagnosis |
| Urinalysis | Screens for kidney involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis |
| Imaging (CT/MRI/PET) | Assesses large vessel involvement |
GCA Visual Symptoms — EmergencyAny visual disturbance in someone with suspected giant cell arteritis requires immediate high-dose steroid treatment and same-day ophthalmology/rheumatology assessment — untreated, vision loss can become permanent within hours.
Steroids Started Before Biopsy ConfirmationIn suspected GCA, high-dose steroids are started immediately based on clinical suspicion, without waiting for biopsy confirmation — the biopsy can still show characteristic changes for up to 2 weeks after starting treatment, but vision protection takes priority.
Is vasculitis a form of arthritis?
No — vasculitis specifically involves blood vessel inflammation, which can occur alongside joint symptoms in some types, but is a distinct group of conditions from arthritis (joint inflammation) itself.
Can vasculitis be cured?
Some forms achieve long-term remission with treatment, though relapses can occur — treatment typically involves an initial intensive phase (often steroids ± other immunosuppressants) followed by a maintenance phase.
Medical Disclaimer: This page is for general education only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.