Types of MS
| Type | Course | % of Cases |
|---|---|---|
| Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) | Attacks with full or partial recovery | ~85% at diagnosis |
| Secondary progressive (SPMS) | Gradual worsening after RRMS phase | ~65% of RRMS after 20 years |
| Primary progressive (PPMS) | Gradual decline from onset; no relapses | ~15% |
Common Symptoms
- Optic neuritis — painful loss of vision in one eye; colour desaturation
- Transverse myelitis — sensory level, leg weakness, bladder dysfunction
- Lhermitte's sign — electric shock down spine on neck flexion
- Fatigue — most common and disabling symptom in MS
- Heat intolerance (Uhthoff's phenomenon) — temporary worsening in heat
- Cerebellar signs — ataxia, tremor, dysarthria
- Cognitive impairment — affects ~50% of people with MS
First Attack = Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)A single demyelinating episode is called CIS. If MRI shows additional subclinical lesions, disease-modifying therapy can be started to prevent conversion to definite MS — significantly reducing relapse risk.
How is MS diagnosed?
MS requires dissemination in space (lesions in multiple CNS areas) and time (attacks at different times). McDonald criteria use clinical, MRI, CSF (oligoclonal bands), and evoked potential findings. An MS specialist neurologist confirms diagnosis.
Does MS shorten life expectancy?
Modern MS treatment has significantly improved outcomes. Life expectancy with MS is now only slightly reduced (7–14 years) compared to the general population. Disability rather than mortality is the main concern.
What are disease-modifying therapies (DMTs)?
DMTs reduce relapse rate and slow disability accumulation. They include: interferons, glatiramer acetate (older, moderate efficacy); natalizumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab (high efficacy); alemtuzumab, cladribine (highest efficacy but more risk).
Can MS be cured?
Not currently. Research into remyelination (repair) is active. Bone marrow transplantation (HSCT) can halt progression in selected young patients with highly active RRMS but is not a cure.
Medical Disclaimer: This page is for general education only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.