What Is COPD?
COPD is a progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe, mainly caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Symptoms
- Chronic cough, often with mucus
- Shortness of breath, especially during activity
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- Frequent respiratory infections
- Fatigue and unintended weight loss in later stages
COPD Stages (GOLD Classification)
| Stage | FEV1 (% predicted) | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| GOLD 1 | 80% or more | Mild |
| GOLD 2 | 50–79% | Moderate |
| GOLD 3 | 30–49% | Severe |
| GOLD 4 | Below 30% | Very severe |
Tests Used to Diagnose COPD
| Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Spirometry | Measures airflow and lung capacity — main diagnostic test |
| Chest X-ray / CT scan | Detects emphysema and rules out other conditions |
| Arterial blood gas | Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels |
| Alpha-1 antitrypsin test | Checks for a genetic cause, especially in younger patients |
Treatment
- Smoking cessation — the single most effective step
- Bronchodilator inhalers
- Inhaled corticosteroids for frequent flare-ups
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Oxygen therapy in advanced disease
- Vaccinations (flu, pneumonia, COVID-19) to prevent flare-ups
Important: COPD is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management by a doctor. Seek immediate care for severe breathlessness or blue lips/fingertips.