Key Monitoring Tests
| Test | Frequency | Target | What It Shows |
|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | Every 3–6 months | <53 mmol/mol (<7%) | Average glucose over 2–3 months |
| Fasting glucose | As directed | 4.0–7.0 mmol/L fasting | Day-to-day glucose level |
| eGFR + urine ACR | Annually | eGFR >60; ACR <3 mg/mmol | Kidney health (diabetic nephropathy) |
| Cholesterol (full lipid) | Annually | LDL <2.0 for high-risk | Cardiovascular risk |
| Blood pressure | Every visit | <130/80 mmHg | Vascular risk factor |
| Eye screening (retinal) | Annually | No retinopathy | Diabetic retinopathy |
Hypoglycaemia (<4 mmol/L)Symptoms: shakiness, sweating, confusion, pallor. Treat immediately with 15–20g fast-acting carbohydrate (glucose tablets, 150ml fruit juice, or 5–6 glucose sweets). Recheck in 15 minutes. Do NOT let blood glucose fall below 3 mmol/L.
The Sick Day RulesDuring illness, blood glucose usually rises even if not eating. For Type 1: never stop insulin during illness. Check glucose every 2–4 hours. Increase fluid intake. Seek medical advice if glucose >15 mmol/L or if vomiting.
What is a good HbA1c?
For most people with diabetes, the target is <53 mmol/mol (7%). For elderly people or those at risk of hypoglycaemia, a less strict target (58–64 mmol/mol) may be set. Higher HbA1c increases complication risk.
What foods raise blood glucose the most?
High glycaemic index foods: white bread, white rice, sugary drinks, potatoes, and pastries. These cause rapid glucose spikes. Protein, fat, and fibre slow glucose absorption.
Can Type 2 diabetes be reversed?
Significant weight loss (10–15% of body weight) can lead to remission of Type 2 diabetes in some people, particularly if achieved early after diagnosis. Remission is defined as HbA1c <48 mmol/mol without medication for at least 3 months.
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2?
Type 1 is autoimmune — the pancreas produces no insulin. It requires lifelong insulin. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; it can often be managed with lifestyle and tablets, though some people eventually need insulin.
Medical Disclaimer: This page is for general education only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.